The Japanese custom of bowing is a traditional greeting as well as a sign of respect. Different bows can communicate apologies or gratitude; express different emotions such as humility, sincerity, remorse or deference. Bowing is also practiced in various traditional arts and religious ceremonies.

A basic bow originates at the waist and is performed with a straight back, hands at the sides (for men) or clasped in front (for women), and with the eyes cast down. As a general rule, the longer and deeper the bow, the more emotion or the greater the difference in social standing between the two parties.

There are three main types of bows: informal, formal, and very formal. Informal bows are made at about a fifteen degree angle and more formal bows at about thirty degrees. Very formal bows are deeper, at least 45 degrees but in certain formal or extreme situations, a kneeling bow is performed, which may be so deep that the forehead touches the ground. Extremely complex etiquette surrounds bowing, including the length and depth of bow, and the appropriate response. If the other person maintains the bow for longer than expected (generally about two or three seconds), it is polite to bow again, upon which one may receive another bow in return, often leading to an exchange of progressively lighter bows.

Bows are a required and expected part of any apology or expression of thanks in Japan. Bows of apology are deeper and last longer than other bows. They occur with frequency throughout the apology. Bows of remorse are held at 45 degrees with the head lowered and last for at least the count of three, sometimes longer. The depth, frequency and duration of the bow increases with the sincerity of the apology and the severity of the offense. Bows of gratitude follow the same pattern.

Bows are commonly used in greeting, both when meeting and when departing. Bows accompany spoken greetings, but are not expected among the immediate family unless addressing a family member after a long absence or separation. Bows also replace speaking under certain circumstances. When encountering a person to whom one has already spoken that day, a silent bow replaces the quickly spoken "hi."